Essay on The Evolution of Speech - 1080 Words

The Evolution of Speech The purpose of this essay is to identify the evolutionary evidence of speech. The articles reviewed in this paper affirm the evidence of evolution of speech. Much is unknown about the evolution of speech, however, fossil evidence points to adaptations for speech appearing between 1.5 million and 500,000 years ago. Fossil evidence for the evolution of speech is shown in the earliest hominins to one of our well known ancestors, the homo erectus. There are differences between bone structure and hard tissues of living modern humans to those of chimpanzees and bonobos (Boer, 2005). Speech is a unique trait that only humans so far have developed. This trait was most likely a prerequisite for the development of culture†¦show more content†¦Figure 1 As seen, the human larynx is lower than that of the apes. The larynx in most mammals is usually located high enough to be used in the nasal passages, enabling simultaneous breathing and swallowing. This development can also be seen in small infants. As humans age, the larynx begins to slowly descend down to its final position in its adult stage, which it reaches in three to four years (Fitch, 2000). A similar descent of the larynx most likely occurred over the course of human evolution. Speech itself cannot be fossilized, however there are anatomical adaptations that are related to speech that have been fossilized. Although the soft tissue of the vocal tract does not fossilize well, there is one bone in the larynx that does fossilize well, the hyoid bone. This bone appears to be the same bone in Neanderthals just as in those found in modern humans (Abry, 1998). Although it is difficult to find evidence of speech, other sources of evidence have become available that demonstrate the ab sence or presence of speech. Increased tongue movements and control are needed for speech and it is expected that the nerves of the tongue and the diaphragm are larger in humans than in of other species, providing help with the articulation of speech (Arby, 1998). As the nerves pass through the canals in skulls, this can be measured by the size of the relevant holes inShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Human Speech1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of Human Speech As human we can communicate via our speaking ability to express our feelings, as a way to deliver the message we want another. These articles that I read discuss the anatomical prerequisite for humans to gain the ability to speak such as the absent and present of the air sac in hominids. Morphological changes of the face structure such as the reduced growth of the palate and the descent of the larynx. The controversial hypotheses of the hypoglossal canal size are indicativeRead MoreThe Evolution Of Human Speech : Anatomical Aspect1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of Human Speech: Anatomical Aspect As human we can communicate via our speaking ability to express our feelings, as a way to deliver the message we want to others. These articles that I read discuss the anatomical prerequisite for humans to gain the ability to speak such as the absent and present of the air sac in hominids. Morphological changes of the face structure such as the descent of the larynx. The controversial hypothesis of the hypoglossal canal sizes is indicative of speechRead MoreInformative Speech Evolution of Video Games Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesare today and what is to come of the video games in the future so you can create a sense of appreciation and maybe make it a hobby for yourself. I will start with how video games got started and how they have advanced over the past years. The evolution of video games has been an amazing journey. Transition-First we will start off video games created between 1970 and 2000. FIRST MAIN POINT We have come a long way since video games first became popular in the 1970s. Arcade Games kick startedRead MoreSpeech : A Comparison Between Human And Primates1660 Words   |  7 PagesNeanderthal Speech: A Comparison Why is human speech is unique compared to other animals? Well, both humans and animals can communicate in motions, however humans can communicate in forms of signals and symbols, which could be gestures, sounds, or written words. Main differences between human and primates in regards to speech is that humans have an open vocal system while primates have a closed vocal system. Homo sapiens is probably the only animal that uses language to communicate with one anotherRead MoreThe, Anti Evolution And The State Of Arkansas870 Words   |  4 Pages Epperson brought legal action against the State of Arkansas in order to challenge the Constitutional legitimacy of the State’s â€Å"Anti-evolution† law. The â€Å"Anti-evolution† law made it illegal for any teacher in a state supported school to teach evolution or to use a book, which included the theory. Ms. Epperson believed the State’s prohibition of teaching evolution violated her Constitutional rights and thus initiated legal action in the courts. While the main facts of the case are those stated aboveRead MorePlanet Of The Apes By Pierre Boulle1627 Words   |  7 Pagesaccurate these depictions are in reality. Additionally, during his attempts to establish his intelligence to the great apes of Sorer, Ulysse’s human companion Nova begins to learn the Simian language. Thus, the evolution of speech and how humans evolved to possess what’s necessary for speech will also be explored. The social class structure and characteristics of the three main non-human primates in the tale, the aggressive gorillas, conservative orangutans and progressive chimpanzees, are demonstratedRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolutionism in Public Schools1538 Words   |  7 PagesDebate: Creationism vs. Evolution in Schools: 1st Affirmative Constructive Speech Creationism and Evolutionism by definition are very different topics. Currently, evolutionary naturalism is the most widely taught view of origins in America. In schools in the modern day, only evolutionism is taught and condoned. But before the 1920s, only creationism was taught, and evolution was forbidden. Then, on February 20, 2008, the Florida State Board of Education voted to revise the public school guidelinesRead MoreThe Case Of Epperson V. Arkansas953 Words   |  4 PagesIn the wake of the Scopes trial in Tennessee, the State of Arkansas passed an â€Å"anti-evolution† statute in 1928, that made it illegal to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals, or to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches the doctrine or theory that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animal.† Forty years later, the case of Epperson v. Arkansas (1968) was argued before the Supreme Court. The case originatedRead MoreEdward Larsons Work Summer For The Gods1199 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Piltdown skull† and bridged a gap in history that seemed to confirm Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin s account of random variations, coupled with his survival-of-the-fittest selection process, posed a critical problem for many Christians who retained a teleological view of nature.† (Larson, 17) This threat to Christian spirituality sparked an anti-evolution movement in an attempt to revoke the teachings of evolution in public school systems. The Tennessee House of Representatives soon passed a statuteRead MorePlanet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle1103 Words   |  4 Pagesin this book that I will focus on is the social behavior of apes, specifically on courting rituals and mating behavior, such as the love dance performed by the â€Å"humans† in the novel. The second topic is the (in)capability of apes to produce human speech. In the novel, the apes all speak huma n language, but in reality, this is not a likely possibility. To elaborate on the first topic, when the â€Å"humans† in the novel are taken to the research facility, Ulysse soon realizes that they were brought there

The Death Of A Short Story - 1625 Words

At a farmhouse between merging rivers, Montague La-Rose knotted the last rope that held together the bags he’d stacked on his wagon. The farmer twisted and pulled the jute twine tight in the morning sun as its waxing light peaked in the sky. He was five miles from the Capital, already late to deliver the herbs and spices he’d promised the King of Illyrium. It was odd enough to sleep past sunrise when he always woke at first light, especially on one of two most important days of the year. But the fact that he felt nauseous worried him. Many people throughout Illyrium had become sick and bedridden, and the cause was unknown. As winds changed to winter, Montague’s medicine became highly sought. This single shipment could save hundreds of†¦show more content†¦In total, his trip would take four weeks. He felt proud about making his contribution to the rest of society, but it was also payday for Montague. The profit had to last for eight months until the next harvest. For the past six weeks Montague had been secretly providing the castle with various herbal concoctions that helped ease Olivia’s discomfort. He was trusted by the King so much that the royal family had fired their own private Healer and left the medical decisions for Olivia’s case up to Montague. Most, if not all herbs Montague grew, were known to have healing properties. Peasants who couldn’t afford medicinal attention praised him. Since his family’s land was the only successful place nutwood and pigroot would grow, both known to produce oils that fight the most deadly infections, it was his responsibility to provide a healthy supply of those in particular to the Healers across three islands. Although he wasn’t considered a Healer himself, he still played an important role in public healthcare. A recurring dizziness came upon him. But the urge to heave was gone. The journey to Illyrium would take an hour if he traveled north along the coa st of the Noahl River. But if the shore was blocked by fallen rock from the Gory Hills he would be forced to cross at the shallows to the other side, adding at least a half hour to his arrival time. Earl refused to walk through water that cameShow MoreRelatedShort Story : The Death Of Me 1600 Words   |  7 Pagesless than a week, but everything just seems to be easier with Robin. What has gotten into me, she whispers to herself before getting ready for bed. .::. Robin can not believe that conversation just happened. That woman is going to be the death of me, he murmurs to himself before he goes to check up on Roland. After he gets Roland settled he gets himself ready for bed. While he is brushing his teeth he hears the shrill ring of his phone and quickly answers it. Hello, he mumbles, Read MoreShort Story : The Death Of The World708 Words   |  3 PagesOnce outside, I quickly noticed that the roads and sidewalks were now parking lots because of the number of the cars packed on top of them. The remaining people scattered, trying to reach places where they would be shielded. The garage was eight stories high, and I figured, along with everyone else there, that that was enough distance between the earth and I. As soon as I reached the height of the parking garage, the tsunami had just appeared over the horizon. I couldn’t make out how immense theRead MoreShort Story of Reis Death600 Words   |  2 Pages Breanna looked down at the page in his memoir, number twelve. Had they really only read twelve pages, when she had gained so much information? Looking back, it seemed like Donovan had not written in a comprehensive story format, but in a series of key points for him to remember, such as uneven, cold and hair covered his eyelashes looking down. It was mind-b ending that his memory that had taken hours to recall was written on only a few uninspired pages of paper. And it was all sitting neatlyRead MoreShort Story Of Washington Death City1122 Words   |  5 PagesIn Washington Death City it is not a happy place. Everyone living in the Quadrants has a job corresponding to their Quadrant. There is 10 Quadrants. In Quadrant 2 the is a living named Ramen. He is a 26 year old male and is a scientist. He is trying to invent things to make his fellow livings lives better. He does not have a very personal life. When he goes home he talks to his grandpa and his nephew. â€Å"Hi everyone† Ramen announces as he walks through the door. â€Å"Guess what I made at work† Both JoeRead MoreThis is a characterization report on a short story by Sherwood Anderson, entitled Brother Death.1478 Words   |  6 PagesBrother Death Control has many different meanings for many different people. To most, however, this word brings to mind one person forcing another do his or her will, but other things have control over people as well. Sherwood Anderson shows two examples of control in Don and Ted. These two characters have problems created by their difficult lives. The other characters personalities either help or hinder the children, creating a family with a constant conflict until one of the characters eitherRead MoreEdgar Allen Poe wrote the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† in 1842. While only one1200 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe wrote the short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† in 1842. While only one character is actually named, Prince Prospero, the story builds apprehension just based on the descriptions and not on dialogue. The narrator is never named and it is a mystery as to this person’s involvement in the story. The ambiguousness of the narrator also he lps build the drama throughout the story. â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† tells the story of a group of wealthy people who are trying to ignore andRead MoreSymbolism In Kate Chopins The Story Of An Hour1013 Words   |  5 PagesWhile most of Kate Chopin’s short stories were well received, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† was originally rejected by publishers until 1894 when Vogue decided to publish the short story. However after her death most of Chopin’s work was forgotten, that was until the 1950s when her work again was recognized as insightful and moving, setting into motion a Kate Chopin revival which was both successful and remarkable (Biography). â€Å"The Story of an Hour† focuses on the liberation and new found freedom of a newlyRead More Conflict in The Masque of the Red Death920 Words   |  4 Pages Conflicts affect the mood of the main characters in a story, by expressing the insecurities, Death,† a couple of conflicts are exposed throughout the piece. In the story â€Å"The Masque of the Red,† a couple of conflicts are expressed throughout this piece. The conflicts man versus fate and man versus himself are the conflicts that are displayed several times within this story. From major conflicts to minor conflicts, this story clarifies the problems that Prince Prospero faces within himselfRead Moreâ€Å"To Build a Fire† Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesBuild a Fire† is a short story written by Jack London. It is viewed as a masterpiece of naturalist fiction. â€Å"To Build a Fire† features a miner who is traveling to the Yukon Territory with a dog as his companion. The miner is the protagonist and the dog companion is called the foil. The dog plays off of the traits of the protagonist. â€Å"The central motif of â€Å"To Build a Fire† concerns the struggle of man versus nature.† (Short Story Criticism) The most argued point in the short story is the reason ofRea d MoreWhat Would Go Through Your Head At The Moment Of Death851 Words   |  4 PagesWhat would go through your head at the moment of death? Would it be your family, a love one, or a special person in your life or maybe a friend? What if you had to be with a love on the moment of their death? What would go through your head at the exact moment? Would you regret not spending enough time with them? In these two stories by Porter and Dickinson they talk about the moment of death. Both are very similar but different in many ways. Dickson s poem, it s a poem about a woman who had already

Ruling Many Sectors of the Urban Community

Question: Discuss about theRuling Many Sectors of the Urban Community. Answer: Introduction Today, in the twenty first century, technology seems to have taken the lead ruling many sectors of the urban community. Many business entities are using the advancing technology to replace their existing works and in the process, they change the relationships between the business and the clients, the structure of the company and the business processes. In the process, also the office space and in other cases the existence of these offices had to be reconsidered. There are certain points that can prove the evolution of technology with its relation to the impacts experienced on the social and political characteristics of the urban places as discussed by Peggy Keall. Peggy Keall Argued that: In the modules, it is evident that Peggy had to take a look at the relationships and the connection between the introduction of technology in the business entities in the urban places and in the process of urbanization. According to him, people are living in a world of cities where the social, cultural, political and the economic lives revolves around the urban areas. Further, he argues that it is important for people to come out to learn and understand their world so they can have a clear view on the effects the revolving technology has on the world and the way the world is undergoing a digital revolution affecting peoples lives. He feels that the use of the internet through the World Wide Web has led to many changes in the communication systems through the urban cities. Also, considering the privacy and the protection of identity, Peggy implies that the use of the internet as a result of the changes in the technology has introduced the urban cities to a lot of risks where crimes ca n be committed through the internet as where people have to understand their current communities and find ways to protect their community. The Key Points in the Modules Among the key points in the modules by Peggy Keall include; World wide web, Online communities and social networking, Changing nature of work, Flexible work options, and Privacy and protection of identity. The World Wide Web Keall suggests that the evolution of the internet bringing about the interface of the World Wide Web has come around with a variety of changes more so in the economic systems where most of the components involved in the process have been automated. In my opinion, it is true that the internet has brought a lot of developments in the urban communities. The experienced changes that have been experienced from the ancient time and in the current day where technology has advanced through the internet are vast and well noticeable (Rosenfeld Morville, 2008). Through the World Wide Web that is acting as an interface between the internet and the users, there has been many advanced economic cases like in the banking sector where the is the use of the automated bank machines where banking systems connect from remote placed connected through the internet. The diversification of technology through the web has been seen to transform from the ancient skills and machinery to the current advanced com plex systems that have made the use of the internet easy and interesting (Wolfe, 2001). The web has been the mother of most of the changes that are being seen in the current world where computers and other advanced digital gadgets are the elements ruling the day. Online Communities and Social Networking The modules by Keall have insights on how the communication in communities has changed through the revolution of technology. In a community, there is a need of interaction and communication. The form of communication used in the prior days were mostly face to face and that has come to change with the influence of technology and the internet where people can now be able to communicate online and through social networks (Howard, 2010). The elements in the communication that have been seen to have changes include the scope, speed, method and the comment of the information (Funk, 2011). The current scope of information appears to be different from the past where people used tablets, Fargo and others like letters. Today, the scope used includes email communication, blogs, tweets and blogs among a vast of them. The current scope is a huge influence to the to the social network of people where people interact today easily, fast and cheaply as compare to the ancient communication before the technology started to advance (Lazakidou, 2012). Changing Nature of Work In the modules, Peggy has mentioned about the revolution that is taking place in the industrial section as a result of the advancing technology. In as much as one may want to prove the logistics in the argument, it is quite obvious and open that the nature of work today has changed a lot under the influence of technology. It is evident in many sectors like in agriculture where the farmers are now not involved in the harvesting of grains (Restivo, 2005). There are advanced machines that were developed specifically for the purpose of harvesting the grains from the farms taking up the works of the farmers. In most offices today, the computers have digitized many departments reducing the amount of manpower that is needed (Hammond, 2003). The work that could be done by a dozen of people can now be taken up by a single computer that automates most of the works in the offices. Today, revolution in the information and communications sector has taken up that job leaving the messengers either jobless or shift to other professions. For information transfer, people now use the email services from the internet and the Skype and web cameras for live communications. There is also the use of mobile phones where people from different departments of organizations can communicate with each other away from the offices without depending on the office landlines or the fax as it were in the past (Bell, 2010). Flexible Work Options Many businesses and companies are today enjoying the mobile work options as initiated by the introduction of technology in their entities. It is though evident today that work has become flexible considering that in many places today, people can choose to carry their workloads to their homes and complete their target while at home (Stredwick Ellis, 2005). That is work away from office. Also, people tend to see that they are not going to meet their deadlines and thus, they decide to work from home during weekends and holidays and this can be counted as part of the flexible hours of work. There is also the case of telecommunicating and teleworking where people can engage in community communication and communal work from remote areas through the use of Skype and webcams for communication and online office portals and company websites for teleworking. In such cases, team building, decision making and communication can be done by many people at the same time through the implementation of information technology in industries as part of the industrial revolution (Eddy, 2012). Privacy and Protection of Identity In as much as people may find that the technology may have come with positive impacts on the urban communities, there is a prevailing issue of privacy and identity. There are people prone to hacking into other peoples online accounts and websites (Smith Kutais, 2007). In the process of interacting through the internet there are other people whose main agenda is hacking into accounts and posting weird information onto their accounts. Others venture into hacking into banking systems and other online money transfer services and redirecting the payments into their personal accounts (Claypoole Payton, 2012). This calls for surveillance of people interacting through the internet and there have been progress in the process and information and technology experts have been to the fore fronts to fight the unethical acts. In the work place technology have been seen to have negative influences to the workers forcing the employers to track and monitor their employees computers to have a records of what each and every computer is engaging in at all times (Sullivan,. 2004). In his capacity, the points highlighted in the modules are some meant to create the awareness of the impacts of the rapid development in technology in the industrial urban communities. Similarly, points discussed in this study are seen to come with both negative and positive insights on the impacts of technology. One can as well conclude that Peggy was so dedicated to educate and make people aware of the changes that are taking place in their urban community in relation to the use of the internet. In my view, these key points can be very helpful to every person especially in the industrial revolution. Many companies could make use of the information in the modules to know when and where to use the internet and in what cases. I find the modules important not only to the companies but to individuals who use the internet and those who find pleasure in taking part in the technology services. Individuals could know and assess their part to know when they might be at risk while using the i nternet (Khosrow-Pour, 2009). Many links and the inter-relationships can be spotted between the key points Peggy highlights in the modules. All the key points in the modules share the same origin and that is the internet. Without the internet, there would be no technology changes in the urban communities and in the industrial sector. Taking time with the modules, it is easier to understand the impacts of technology on the urban places and urbanization (Spence, Annez, Buckley, 2009). First, one could realize what it takes to develop a better urban community. The social and economic boundaries could benefit more from the rapidly advancing technology. In the social context, people have been able to network through the internet making interactions easier. Economically, businesses have benefit from using technology where most manpower have been replaces with a single computer taking up the roles that could be played by many people on a single entity. Communication can as well be done globally at a click through the u se of computers with the aid of the internet. Conclusion Today, in the twenty first century, technology seems to have taken the lead ruling many sectors of the urban community. People are living in a world of cities where the social, cultural, political and the economic lives revolves around the urban areas. Through the World Wide Web that is acting as an interface between the internet and the users, there has been many advanced economic cases like in the banking sector where the is the use of the automated bank machines where banking systems connect from remote placed connected through the internet. Many businesses and companies are today enjoying the mobile work options as initiated by the introduction of technology in their entities. References Bell, A. (2010).Re-imagining the office: The new workplace challenge. Farnham: Gower Claypoole, T., Payton, T. (2012).Protecting your internet identity: Are you naked online?. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Eddy N. (2012).Managing the new workforce: International perspectives on the millennial generation. (Managing the new workforce.) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Funk, T. (2011).Social media playbook for business: Reaching your online community with Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and more. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Howard, T. W. (2010).Design to thrive: Creating social networks and online communities that last. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Khosrow-Pour, M. (2009).Encyclopedia of information science and technology. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Lazakidou, A. A. (2012).Virtual communities, social networks and collaboration. New York: Springer. Restivo, S. (2005).Science, technology, and society. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Rosenfeld, L., Morville, P. (2008).Information Architecture for the World Wide Web: Designing Large-Scale Web Sites. Sebastopol: O'Reilly Media, Inc. Stredwick, J., Ellis, S., Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2005).Flexible working. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Smith, M. S., Kutais, B. G. (2007).Spam and internet privacy. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Spence, M., Annez, P. C., Buckley, R. M. (2009).Urbanization and growth. Washington, DC: Commission on Growth and Development. Venkatesh, V., Wallin, J. J., Castro, J. C., Lewis, J. E. (2014).Educational, psychological, and behavioral considerations in niche online communities. Wolfe, C. R. (2001).Learning and teaching on the World Wide Web. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press.

Trials, Dreams, Illusions Ang Paglilitis Kay Mang Serapio Essay Example

Trials, Dreams, Illusions: Ang Paglilitis Kay Mang Serapio Paper Trials, Dreams, Illusions: Ang Paglilitis Kay Mang Serapio Throughout the scene of the â€Å"trial† of Mang Serapio, we can already see a lot of deviations from what a normal play should be like. In order to start the discussion of the play itself, I would like to state some elements that remained a mystery to me, even as I reached the end of the story and read it again all together. For some reason, it is very hard to truly understand what the play is alluding to, but nonetheless, what I would state here is my reading and understanding of the text. The idea that a â€Å"trial† is juxtaposed with the idea of a â€Å"federacion† of these people of a lower status in society is very illogical. This federation of sorts is actually a group of beggars where these beggars are supposed to pay a fixed amount of money to the federation every day. This tax seems somewhat surreal and the reader is then urged to question and learn the identity of this said federation. Why do beggars have to pay such a tax to these higher ups in their group? What benefits do they get from this so called â€Å"federacion†? These sorts of questions are not answered by the author. It remains a mystery that the reader must challenge and solve as he goes on through the story. The play, in itself is actually a very simple one. However, defining it as such, may pose some problems from other readers and interpretations of the play. What I would like to say, by defining it in such a manner is that, the play is very different from other traditional plays. The play shows only one scene, with the dialogue revolves around a few characters talking in a roundabout manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Trials, Dreams, Illusions: Ang Paglilitis Kay Mang Serapio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trials, Dreams, Illusions: Ang Paglilitis Kay Mang Serapio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trials, Dreams, Illusions: Ang Paglilitis Kay Mang Serapio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The scene of the trial, at the start of the story, can be first depicted at first glance as that of the scene of lawyers and trials that can be seen in television and in actual hearings. However, as one starts to read more about Mang Serapio, we can actually see that this trial is not as it seems. There are no lawyers here, no â€Å"justice† being questioned and tried here. It is simply a formality that is being addressed by such so called â€Å"righteous† people of the federation. The trial, as what the two people questioning the main character says is not to show and make Mang Serapio be absolved of his crime, but to show the audience, beggars of all ort the punishment that he has incurred: being blinded. The main character of the play, Mang Serapio, actually has little to say about his impending condemnation. The questions addressed to him were actually basic questions about his life: his name, occupation, his wife, his child. All of these things are actually already known to the two people questioning Mang Serapio. Again, as I said, all of the questions are actually just formalities, in order to make a sense of a real trial of sorts. A trial should be a test, in that the one that is guilty is given a chance to redeem himself, as what Mang Serapio tried to do by asserting his innocence all throughout the play The play distorts the notion of what should be the qualities of a good story: a good plot, characters that stand out, character development, and a good setting. All of these constitute, in my opinion, what a good story should be like. However, the story of Mang Serapio is really different in that there is really no plot, and the setting makes it that there is no room for the characters to develop more. Although it can be argued that the main character changed at the end of the story, we can see him as somewhat delusional because of the way that he thinks a ragged doll or a chamois is actually his daughter Sol. It cannot be sure that he is actually telling the truth about the death of his daughter, or whether he actually had a daughter at all. However, his being delusional actually contributes to the idea that the grief of losing someone you love and close to, which in this case of Mang Serapio having lost both his wife and daughter Sol, can push you to a state of illusions and wanting to escape from reality. We should now address the question of why the main character is still punished despite him being found innocent of the crime he is being accused with: â€Å"pagaaruga ng bata†. I find it rather comical the way Mang Serapio asked what his crime is and that the ones questioning him answered that he will find out as the trial progresses. The questioners actually addressed the audience and said the answer to the question right away. As the trial progressed, Mang Serapio again questioned what he is being accused of, probably denying what he has heard earlier, but again, the questioners just answered with the same statement again: â€Å"pagaaruga ng bata†. As the story reached its climax, when Sol, said to be dead, having been killed by a passing jeepney, is depicted in the â€Å"manika†, Mang Serapio should have been absolved of his crime of taking care of a child. The crime being that he is wasting the money of the said federation by providing for another person, where it should have been given to the federation in the first place. However, he is still punished despite being innocent of what he is being accused of. His new crime being that he is being delusional, dreaming and pretending that something gone is still within one’s reach: an illusory life. This illusory life, his wasting money on such a thing that he considers his daughter is still attached to him. Thus, he is still blinded, with that it can actually gain more sympathy from other people, him being an old man and now blind, gaining more profits to give to the federation. Another feature of the play is the language found in it. There are certain dialogues wherein the questioners actually complete what the other is trying to say and sometimes also repeats what he has heard from, for example, from the three beggars that act as witnesses of the said crime. The questioners also act as the â€Å"superior† ones with the way that they question and make a fool out of Mang Serapio. This can be seen when they greeted Mang Serapio, saying â€Å"Magandang gabi, ginoo† whereas he answers back with a greeting, â€Å"Magandang gabi rin ho†. Now is it not normal for people to answer back a greeting? This just goes to show that they are conceited and are aware of the power that they hold over these beggars. Another mystery that remains unanswered, is whether these characters acting as superiors are also beggars and of the lower social status, or if they are actually people of a higher social status, maintaining order and control over these beggars. The reader now has to argue on what side is actually right and what is really wrong. What Mang Serapio did, imagining things and wasting his time on such a thing he calls his daughter, actually made his time stop and living in a world closed off from reality. He is living in a world where his Sol is still alive, but is kept inside a â€Å"baul† for some unknown reason. Such things make a person unable to move on with his life, and just staying in the past. The story, although not necessarily didactic, tells us that one should move on with his life, instead of looking back and caring about things that have long past and is now gone. One should be punished for such an act, and the punishment of blinding the guilty person can allude to the fact that he has lost his true sight of what is real. His eyes only see what he wants to see, and because of that, he has also lost his purpose in life, wasting money on such things that need not be wasted money on. In order to conclude this analysis of â€Å"Ang Paglilitis Kay Mang Serapio†, I would like to state some allusions that I have found to be rather relevant and also somewhat didactic. First of all, I think that the whole concept of a federation of beggars actually allude to the social situation of the Philippines nowadays. These â€Å"beggars†, can be people of very low social statuses or of middle one. The said federation can be an allusion to the government where these beggars still have to pay taxes despite such problems with their living conditions. The questioners can be people of higher social statuses, being proud as they are and defined as smart and very skillful. It is a given fact that most beggars can not afford to pay for lawyers and other things that may help prove that they are innocent. And as such, such people can only wait for their punishment despite what the truth is. The three beggars that act as witnesses to Mang Serapio’s crime is said to have already acted as witnesses to other people’s crimes, leading to their being blinded. The outcome of such â€Å"witnessing† leads to getting all of the materials and a percentage of the person that is accused of the crime. A very common situation found in the country where people suck up to higher ups in order to get more benefits. Such allusions may be correct or incorrect, but I have based these things on what I think of the play. Most questions found in the play are not answered and is not given voice. Such things remain as mystery to readers, and I think that in itself is one feature of the play. Nothing really changed within the story. Readers would expect that the main character will be saved and the story will end happily. However, the author purposely created that effect of sympathy for the main character that would lead reader to think that he can be saved. It can still be argued whether the main character was â€Å"saved† or not. Such illusions that he possess have blinded his grasp on reality and I think his punishment served as a way of leading to deter other beggars from doing what he did. Mang Serapio said in one part of the play that he will tell the police about the federation in question and of the cruelties that they do to people that are older. The judge however states that nobody will listen to him regardless of what he tries to say to the police or any other government agencies due to him being a beggar and an old man. The judge continues on to threaten him that he will be found dead, his corpse floating in Pasig. At the end of the play, it is stated that the federation actually cares more about older beggars, since these people are actually the ones that do not care much about life. They eat less and care less about living, waiting for the time that Death should get them. Does this federation actually help these old beggars by making them want to live despite their desire to die? The judges and questioners nonchalantly discussed the frequency of such trials, saying that it only happens once in a while. Such things denote a notion of sadism. But let us not dwell on that matter. The play ends with one of the questioners stating and explaining some things about the trial and why they did that. Nevertheless, the mysteries remained. Was this a just federation? Why is it afraid of being discovered by the police? Such questions remain unanswered, and as the curtain falls, Mang Serapio’s trial comes to an end.